Which management theory characterizes the Japanese style?

The correct answer is Theory Z, which was developed to characterize the Japanese style of management. This theory emphasizes a holistic approach to work, where employees are viewed as an integral part of the organization rather than just resources or tools. It focuses on the long-term employment of workers, consensual decision-making, and a strong emphasis on teamwork and collaboration.

Theory Z promotes loyalty and a strong organizational culture, often leading to high levels of employee motivation and job satisfaction. It contrasts with more traditional Western management styles by fostering participation and trust among employees, which can lead to increased productivity and a cooperative workplace environment.

This management theory has its roots in the practices observed in Japanese companies, where the involvement of employees at all levels in the decision-making process is highly valued. The emphasis on collective responsibility and quality management in Theory Z significantly contributes to the success of many Japanese firms.